first published: Sept. 3, 1998 Contents
IntroductionSome legitimists have argued that the house of Orléans could not support the validity of the Utrecht renunciations without being in contradiction with itself, since, it is alleged, the duc d'Orléans, father of Louis-Philippe, renounced the throne several times for himself and his descendants between 1791 and 1792 (see, among many others, Raoul de Warren, Les Prétendants au trône de France). If renunciations are valid, then so are those, and therefore the comte de Paris is ineligible for the throne. The argument supposes that the house of Orléans believes that any renunciation made in whatever form under whatever circumstance is valid. Such a position is totally unnecessary for the Orleanist. The Utrecht renunciations were of a very peculiar kind: solemn, unambiguous, over-abundantly clear, in the form of the most sacred oath possible to a Christian, publicly made in speech and writing, registered by national assemblies or courts of justice with all possible legal forms, endorsed and approved by the sovereign, enshrined in an international treaty which was to be the foundation of the European balance of powers for three generations. Do the alleged renunciation come anywhere close to being similar in nature? Let's look at the primary sources. The First Alleged Renunciation (June 26, 1791)The ContextThe French Revolution of 1789 had put the National Assembly in the position of writing a Constitution, and generally reforming French institutions. The constitution was close to finished by June 1791. One of its clauses, concerning the regency, specified that the regency belonged to the closest male parent of the king who was 25 years old at least, French citizen and residing in France, so long as he was not heir to another crown, and that he had previously taken the civic oath (Titre III, Chaptire 2, Section II, article 2: La régence appartient au parent du roi, le plus proche en degré, suivant l'ordre de l'hérédité au trône, et âgé de vingt-cinq ans accomplis, pourvu qu'il soit Français et regnicole, qu'il ne soit pas héritier présomptif d'une autre couronne, et qu'il ait précédemment prêté le serment civique. - Les femmes sont exclues de la régence.) On June 20, 1791, Louis XVI secretly absconded from the Tuileries palace in Paris with his family and headed for the border; he was apprehended in Varennes two days later and brought back to Paris under military escort. This extremely serious act jeopardized the constitutional monarchy which was being put in place, and many questions arose as to what would be done once the king returned. Some suggested a regency. At the time, the individual meeting all the requirements in the constitution, including residency within France, was the duc d'Orléans (both the king's brothers had emigrated in 1789; naturally, all descendants of Felipe V of Spain were in Spain or Italy). In response to these suggestions, the duc wrote a letter to the editor of one of the leading daily newspapers. It is reproduced here in full. The TextSource: Moniteur Universel, 26 juin 1791; réimpression, 1861, vol. 8, p. 764. 26 juin 1791. Ayant lu, monsieur, dans votre journal, n° 689, votre opinion sur
les mesures à prendre d’après le retour du roi, et tout ce
que vous a dicté sur mon compte votre justice et votre impartialité,
je dois vous répéter ce que j’ai déclaré publiquement
dès le 21 et 22 de ce mois à plusieurs membres de l’Assemblée
nationale, que je suis prêt à servir ma patrie sur terre,
sur mer, dans la carrière diplomatique, en un mot dans tous les
postes qui n’exigeront que du zèle et un dévouement sans
bornes au bien public; mais que, s’il est question de régence, je
renonce dans ce moment et pour toujours au droit que la constitution m’y
donne; j’oserai dire qu’après avoir fait tant de sacrifices à
l’intérêt du peuple et à la cause de la liberté,
il ne m’est plus permis de sortir de la classe du simple citoyen, où
je ne me suis placé qu’avec la ferme résolution d’y rester
toujours, et que l’ambition serait pour moi une inconséquence inexcusable.
Ce n’est point pour imposer silence à mes détracteurs que
je fais cette déclaration: je sais trop que mon zèle pour
la liberté nationale, pour l’égalité qui en est le
fondement, alimenteront toujours leur haine contre moi; je dédaigne
leurs calomnies; ma conduite en prouvera constamment la noirceur et l’absurdité;
mais j’ai dû déclarer dans cette occasion mes sentiments et
mes résolutions irrévocables, afin que l’opinion publique
ne s’appuie pas sur une fausse base dans ses calculs et ses combinaisons,
relativement aux nouvelles mesures que l’on pourrait être forcé
de prendre.
L.-P. d’Orléans CommentThe meaning of the letter is rather plain. The duc was, in advance, ruling out a regency as a solution to the constitutional crisis, by refusing to play the part that would be assigned to him. The purpose is made clear in the last sentence. The letter only concerns regency, and only concerns the duc himself. It is not a renunciation to the crown, for himself or for anyone else. Of course, the duc's act might or might not have had any legal validity. The regency, under the terms of the constitution, was not necessarily exercised by the heir to the throne, because the requirements to be a regent were more stringent than those to succeed to the throne. Note also that the constitution (Title 3, chapter 2, section 3, article 2) allowed for renunciation to the right of regency: it specifies that, if the heir apparent is a minor, the closest non-minor parent eligible to be regent must reside in France; should he not, and refuse to return when summoned by the legislature, he would be assumed to have abdicated the right to be regent (Si l'héritier présomptif est mineur, le parent majeur, premier appelé à la régence, est tenu de résider dans le royaume. - Dans le cas où il en serait sorti et n'y rentrerait pas sur la réquisition du Corps législatif, il sera censé avoir abdiqué son droit à la régence). Therefore, the ability to abdicate the right to be regent existed in the Constitution: it was conceivable that one might renounce it, under certain circumstances, independently of any rights to the throne (refusal to return in France resulted in loss of rights only for the heir to the throne; ibid., article 1). But, as the duc was still residing in France and did not appear to be intent on leaving it, he was not in the circumstances that allow3ed him to abdicate his right to the regency under the explicit provision of the constitution. In any case, whether or not the act had any merit, it did not concern the crown in any way.The Second Alleged Renunciation (August 24, 1791)The ContextOn August 24, 1791, the National Assembly was debating the amendments to the constitution (which had not yet been promulgated). That day, the committee on the constitution had proposed a clause which deprived members of the royal family from civic rights (right to vote, to stand for office, etc). Loui-Philippe-Joseph d'Orléans protested against this clause as contrary to equality before the law, and asserted that, if this clause were adopted, then he would renounce in writing before the Assembly his rights as member of the reigning dynasty and opt instead for the rights of French citizen. He left the speaker's stand under strong applause. Some debate ensued over whether he could make such a renunciation in any event, and some rather funny barbs were tossed at the ex-duke (someone said he could renounce neither for himself, for his children or for his creditors; another, Goupil, said the next day that his gesture would be more credible if he also renounced the 4 million franc income he received in lieu of apanage from the French state). Here is the full text of d'Orleans' intervention in the debate. The TextsSource: Archives Parlementaires (vol. 29, pp. 701sq). Texte de l’article proposé: “Les membres de la famille du roi étant seuls appelés à une dignité héréditaire, forment une classe distinguée des citoyens, ne peuvent exercer aucun des droits de citoyens actifs, et n’ont d’autre droit politique que celui de la succession éventuelle au trône: il porteront le titre de ...” M d’Orléans. Quant à la qualité de citoyen actif, je demande si
c’est ou non, pour l’avantage des parents du roi qu’on vous propose de
les en priver. Si c’est pour leur avantage, un article de votre Constitution
s’y oppose formellement, et cet article le voici: “Il n’y a plus pour aucune
partie de la nation, ni pour aucun individu, aucun privilège ni
exception au droit commun de tous les Français.” Si ce n’est pas
pour l’avantage des parents du roi qu’on vous propose de les rayer de la
liste des citoyens actifs, je soutiens que vous n’avez pas le droit de
prononcer cette radiation. Vous avez déclaré citoyens français
ceux qui sont nés en France d’un père français. Or,
c’est en France, et c’est de pères français que sont nés
les individus dont il s’agit dans le projet de vos comités. CommentThe former duc d'Orléans did not intervene at all in the remainder of the debate, which lasted 3 days. In the end, on August 26, the original clause was dropped. Instead, members of the royal family were excluded from elective office but not from appointments (with some restrictions: military commandments, ambassadorships required approval of the legislature; see the text of the Constitution, Title 3, chapter 3, section 3, article 5: Les membres de la famille du roi appelés à la succession éventuelle au trône, jouissent des droits de citoyen actif, mais ne sont éligibles à aucune des places, emplois ou fonctions qui sont à la nomination du peuple. - A l'exception des départements du ministère, ils sont susceptibles des places et emplois à la nomination du roi : néanmoins, ils ne pourront commander en chef aucune armée de terre ou de mer, ni remplir les fonctions d'ambassadeurs, qu'avec le consentement du Corps législatif, accordé sur la proposition du roi. ). In the end, Louis-Philippe-Joseph never did write down and submit his renunciation, since the amendment as originally phrased was not adopted. Several legitimist publications have cited this passage, but omitted the crucial "if" clause of d'Orléans' statement. There is no renunciation there. The Third Alleged Renunciation (September 15, 1792)The ContextThe abolition of titles of June 1790 had left Louis-Philippe-Joseph, duc d'Orléans without any of his former titles, but simply Louis-Philippe-Joseph d'Orléans (which is how he signed the letter of June 26, 1791). A decree of August 26, 1791 (the same which settled the limitation of his rights as parent of the king) decided that he would have no family name, but only his given names and the title "prince français"; his family name, based on an abolished title, was not allowed (title 3, chapter 2, section 3, article 6; see d'Andre's amendment and its adoption, Archives Parlementaires, vol. 29, p 733). Thus, after August 26, 1791, he was merely Louis-Philippe-Joseph, prince français. The suspension of the Constitution in August 1792 after the overthrow of the monarchy left him with not even that: he was now Louis-Philippe-Joseph. On September 14, 1792 he wrote to the provisional council of the City of Paris and stated that he had been registered in the electoral rolls under the name d'Orléans, which he claimed not to be using, and said that he had no family name, a situation which he found embarrassing. He therefore asked the City of Paris to tell him what to do and find a family name for him. The City council replied the next day with a letter where he was informed that he had been awarded the name of Egalité. Also, on the same day of Sep. 15, a decree (arrêté) was passed by the City Council, stating: "Upon the petition of Louis-Philippe-Joseph, French prince, having heard the procureur of the City, the Council decrees: 1) Louis-Philippe-Joseph and his posterity will henceforth bear the name of Égalité. 2) the garden known until now as the Palais-Royal shall be called Garden of the Revolution. 3) Louis-Philippe-Joseph Égalité is authorized to cite the present decree either on public registers or in notarial documents. 4) the present decree shall be printed and posted." Louis-Philippe-Joseph Égalité wrote back his acceptance "with extreme gratitude" of a name which could not be more in accordance with his feelings and beliefs. It was under that name that he was elected on September 19 as representative for the district of Paris, and under that name that he voted the death penalty for Louis XVI. The TextsSource: H. Monin: "Philippe-Égalité," Révolution Française, Mai 1891: 442-451. Paris, ce 14 septembre 1792, l’an 4e de la Liberté, 1er de l’Égalité. Monsieur, Le Corps électoral, dont je suis membre, a été
étonné que la section de la Butte des Moulins m’eût
inscrit sur la liste des électeurs sous le nom d’Orléans,
que je n’ai cepandant jamais signé depuis le décret de l’Assemblée
constituante, et m’a paru désirer que je prisse mon nom de famille.
Il y a déjà longtemps que mon amour pour l’Égalité,
qui m’a toujours empêché de prendre celui de Prince Français,
m’auroit fait adopter cette mesure, si j’en avois eu un; mais je ne m’en
connois pas; je suis, par cette raison, fort embarassé de satisfaire
le désir de mes concitoyens, à trouver une manière
de me faire reconnoître, ainsi que mes enfans. Je ne crois pas pouvoir
m’adresser pour me tirer d’embarras, à d’autres qu’à la Commune
de la ville dont je suis citoyen; j’espère donc, Monsieur, que vous
voudrez bien lui faire pour moi cette demande: je serai très reconnaissant
qu’elle ne dédaigne pas de me dicter ce que je dois faire en cette
occasion. Je la prie également de donner à la maison que
j’habite, un nom différent de celui qu’elle porte. L.-P.-Joseph. Sur la demande de Louis-Philippe-Joseph, prince français,
le procureur de la Commune entendu: Signé: Boubo, Président; Colombeau; Tallien, secrétaire. Le Conseil général, citoyen, a vu dans la manifestation de vos sentimens civiques, une nouvelle preuve de votre mour pour la liberté. Il a pensé qu’il devait récompenser le zèle avec lequel dès le premiers jours de la Révolution, et même avant, vous avez servi la cause du peuple. En conséquence, il a cru pouvoir vous décorer du beau nom de l’Égalité. Les représentants de la Commune aiment à se opersuader que ni vous, ni vos enfans ne mériteront jamais de perdre un aussi beau titre. Il vous impose de grandes obligations. Vous les remplirez sans doute; et la nation française qui a proscrit à juste titre la famille des Bourbons, se rappellera avec plaisir qu’un des membres de cette famille fut citoyen et éleva ses enfans pour devenir un jour de zélés défenseurs de la liberté et de l’égalité. Citoyens, j’accepte avec une reconnaissance extrême, le nom
que la Commune de Paris vient de me donner; elle ne pouvoit en choisir
un plus conforme à mes sentimens et à mes opinions. Je vous
jure, citoyens, que je me rappellerai sans cesse les devoirs que ce nom
m’impose et que je ne m’en écarterai jamais. CommentIt is clear from the above texts that there is no renunciation whatsoever in the process. Legally, under the 1791 Constitution, he had no family name. It was quite natural for him to choose or seek to obtain a family name (similarly, after the abolition of the monarchy, Louis XVI was assigned the name Capet). It is said that he winced at the choice imposed on him, and that Tallien, noticing his reaction, asked him if he preferred the name "Publicola", which he didn't. To a friend he confided afterward his disgust with the proceeding. Whatever his motives and feelings (his written response to the city council is most deferential), one cannot imagine how this episode could be construed as a renunciation to anything. But what of the constitutional clause that prevented him from standing for elective office? Surely, if he was elected to the National Convention, he must have renounced his rank as "prince Français". Not so. First, note that Louis-Philippe-Joseph was doubly prohibited from standing office for the Legislative assembly of September 1791, the first legislature elected under the constitution of 1791: because of the clause, and because he had been a member of the Constituent assembly, and they were all barred from standing in the 1791 election. He was not a member of that legislature. On August 10, 1792 the monarchy was overthrown, the king's constitutional role suspended and a national Convention was called to draw up a new Constitution, in the face of the obvious collapse of the current one. The next day, the legislature passed a decree detailing the conditions under which the elections to the national convention were to take place, of which the first few articles are given here (Archives Parlementaires, vol. ??, p. 29). Art. 1er. Les assemblées primaires nommeront le même nombre d'électeurs qu;elles ont nommé dans les dernières élections. Art. 3. Les conditions d'éligibilité exigées pour les électeurs ou pour les représentants, n'étant point applicables à une Convention nationale, il suffira, pour être éligible comme député ou comme électeur, d'être âgé de 25 ans, et de réunir les conditions exigées par l'article précédent. The distinction between active citizens (who, under the 1791 constitution, were allowed to vote if they paid at least 3 days' wages in taxes) and passive (the others) was abolished; anyone living from his income or labor, aged 21 and having a fixed address for a year, could vote. Article 3 explicitly stated that the constitution's requirements for eligibility were not applicable, and it was only required that the previous conditions be met, but with an age limit of 25. Those conditions were sufficient, meaning that anyone who met them, prince or no prince, was eligible. So Égalité's election to the National convention on September 20, 1792 did not require any renunciation of any kind. Incidentally, it is hard to think of why renunciation to any rights to the throne would have been of any importance at that date, since everyone expected the monarchy to be abolished, since the legislature had passed a resolution urging the Convention to do so, and it was the Convention's very first act on September 21, 1792. The Fourth Alleged Renunciation (December 7, 1792)The ContextThe After the overthrow of the monarchy, a new constitutional convention was elected: the Convention Nationale, which would rule the country for three years. Louis-Philippe-Joseph Égalité was elected representative of Paris, the last on the list of candidates to be elected. On September 21, 1792, the first day the Convention met, the abolition of the monarchy was unanimously voted. Louis XVI, arrested, was later to be charged for conspiring against public liberty, and attempts against the safety of the State. The trial at the Convention opened on December 11 and lasted until January 17. On December 10, 1792, a letter from Louis-Philippe-Joseph Égalité was published in several newspapers, including the Moniteur and the Journal de Perlet. The TextSource: Journal de Perlet, no 80, 10 December 1792. L. P. J. Égalité à ses concitoyens. Plusieurs journaux affectent de publier que j'ai des desseins ambitieux et contraires à la liberté de mon pays; que dans le cas où Louis XVI ne seroit plus, je suis placé derrière le rideau pour mettre mon fils ou moi à la tête du gouvernment. Je ne prendrois pas la peine de me défendre de pareilles imputations, si elles ne tendoient pas à jeter la division et la discorde, à faire naître des partis, et à empêcher que le système d'égalité qui doit faire le bonheur des français et la base de la république, ne s'établisse. Voici donc ma profession de foi à cet égard: elle est la même que dans l'année 1791, dans les derniers temps de l'assemblée constituante. Voici ce que je prononçai à la tribune. «Je ne crois pas, messieurs, que vos comités entendent
priver aucun parent du roi de la faculté d’opter entre la qualité
de citoyen français et l’expectative, soit prochaine, soit éloignée
du trône. Mes enfans sont prêts à signer de leur sang, qu'ils sont dans les mêmes sentimens que moi. Paris, ce 7 décembre 1792, l'an premier de la république. L. P. Joseph Égalité CommentIt should be noted from the start that one had, a priori, reasons to doubt that anyone would renounce the rights to a throne which, legally, didn't exist; especially when one was a member of the Assembly which had decreed the abolition of that throne. The text is rather curious. Its purpose is clear: to dispel rumors that Égalité planned to take over after the death of Louis XVI. How does he do it: he repeats words which had been spoken on August 24, 1791, and were a matter of record. but the words in question were a threat to renounce if a certain event took place (the proposed amendment is adopted): the event did not take place, and the threat was not carried out. Why repeat the threat once the occasion has passed? The key word here is "profession de foi": the threat of renunciation was a statement of belief and intent. Clearly, Égalité did not want to commit himself any further. Whether it was because he felt it was unncessary, or because he was hedging his bets, is hard to say. The letter mentions his sons. Antoine was with him in Paris at the time, but the eldest son (the future Louis-Philippe) had left Paris on December 4 to return to his post in the army, and does not mention this statement in his memoirs. In any event, the letter does not bear any signature but that of Égalité, and it is not clear that his eldest son was even aware of its existence. ConclusionThe first alleged renunciation is a statement that the duc d'Orléans would refuse to be regent. The second is a threat to renounce his membership in the dynasty, should a certain event take place, which didn't; and the threat was not carried out. The third is simply a change of name. The fourth is a recall, for the record, of the second, with no substantive words added. The only act that is a renunciation is the first, and it doesn't concern the throne, but the regency. In any case, none of the statements involved anyone but the duc d'Orléans himself; and even if one were to insist that they all represented actual renunciations to the throne, they would be valid, if at all, only for the individual who made them. They became moot with the execution of the former duc d'Orléans, Louis-Philippe-Joseph Égalité, on November 6, 1793. They have no bearing whatsoever on his posterity. |
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