Site map for http://www.heraldica.org/

• Heraldica

  a site devoted to heraldry (the study of coats of arms) in all forms and in all places THIS HERALDRY & COAT OF ARMS WEB RINGsite is owned by "Francois Velde"Want to join the Heraldry & Coat of Arms W

• Heraldica: Links to other resources on the Web

  The rec.heraldry newsgroup has adopted (by simple vote) the following arms: Azure an escutcheon argent within an orle of bezants. There is a Roll of Arms of rec.heraldry readers. François Velde Last m

• Heraldry Bibliography

  Heraldry Bibliography There are several resources: Other Resources: Bookstores How does one find books on heraldry? There are many bookstores on the Internet: you don't need me to find them. François

• Heraldica: What's Here

  A complete listing of all pages on this site, which will allow you to search or browse through all 250+ pages on this site. Return to Heraldica Main Page | Heraldic Glossary François Velde Last modifi

• Origins of Armory

  The three main sources of emblems are thus the individual's own distinctive marks, used in battle for recognition, the family's emblems, probably in use for some time, and the fief's rallying banner,

• List of Heraldry Topics

  Heraldry Topics Bibliography: references on heraldry Illustrated Glossary Atlas word to picture icture to word English | Français | Deutsch |  Español | Italiano |  Nederlands  National Heraldry (By C

• Tinctures

  Colors are called Tinctures in heraldry (émaux, or enamels, in French). Textbooks never fail to spell out the "Tincture Rule", namely that metal should not be placed on metal, nor color on color. The

• Purpure

  This discussion relies on Pastoureau's Traité d'Héraldique. There has long been some uncertainty about the status of the tincture purpure in heraldry, for its place is not as firm as that of the other

• The Rule of Tinctures

  The Argentaye tract (ca. 1410), the Liber Armorum of Bernard du Rosier (ca. 1440), the Blason des Couleurs of the herald Sicile (ca. 1440-50) and many subsequent treatises state the rule, always citin

• Ermine

  Ermine (French: hermine, German: Hermelin, Dutch: Hermelijn) Ermine is the fur of an animal also called ermine (Mustela erminea), of the weasel family, commonly found in Northern Eurasia. The coloring

• The tincture Gules

  Gules means red in heraldry. In any event, a word derived from furs would not be surprising in heraldry, since vair, ermine and sable are also names of furs. The author was identified only by her name

• The Color Vert

  The Color Vert Vert is green in heraldry. The Anglo-Norman name is straightforward, since "vert" means green in French (from the Latin viridis). How this term came to designate green in heraldry is un

• Miscellaneous Charges

  Miscellaneous Charges Here are gathered discussions of miscellaneous charges (usually of the more obscure kind). Abatements Birds Bray or Hempbrake Budget Clarion (or Rest, Clarichord...) Last modifie

• Klee-Stengel

  The Klee-Stengeln which appear on each of the wings of the eagles displayed of Prussia, Brandenburg,, etc., in the form of a golden trefoil with a long curved stalk reaching to the breast, appear to b

• Budget

  Budget Under construction.

• Maunch

  Maunch Under construction.

• Triskele

  The triskele, sometimes written triskelion, called triquêtre in French, is an interesting symbol. The symbol also appears in the arms of the Isle of Man, with this difference that, while both symbols

• The Swastika in Heraldry

  From: andersa@Riga.DoCS.UU.SE(Anders Andersson) I wasn't aware it had been used in heraldry to any greater extent, though I'm not surprised. This blazon in interesting because it uses the term swastik

• Fish in Heraldry

  In general, there is no specific meaning associated with charges. Examples of canting arms (in German, Krabbe=crab, Krebs=crawfish; in Italian, gambero=crawfish): Nicolas de Cusa (1401-64, from Trier

• Sex in Heraldry

  I hope that this page is in violation of Public Law 104-104, especially title V section 507, otherwise known as the Communications Decency Act of 1996. struck down by the US Supreme Court on June 26,

• Note on the "Communications Decency Act of 1996"

  The effect of section 507 of Public Law 104-104, which was signed into law on February 8, 1996, but is under a restraining order issued by a Federal Judge in Philadelphia, is to amend the United State

• Fret

  Fret Under construction.

• The Fleur-de-Lys

  The seals of the emperors Henry I (d. 1024) and Conrad II (d. 1039) afford early illustrations of the custom (see Glafey, specimen decadem sigillorum, Leipzig 1749; Roemer-Büchner, Die Siegel der deut

• Jessant

  From: aa565@Freenet.carleton.ca(Lorne Gray) One charge that fascinates (and disturbes) me is (are ?) animal heads that have Fleur de Lys coming out of their mouths, etc. Here's the OED on the word Jes

• Insects in Heraldry

  Bees appear as a canting device for a number of families: the English families Bye, Bee, Beebee, Beeston; the French families Abeille, Melet de Saint-Martin, Mellier, Mieulet (honey=miel in French); G

• Pheon

  Pheon Under construction.

• Right to Bear Arms

  The question of the right to bear arms (who has the right to bear which arms) is a controversial one. This page shows that the right to bear coats of arms was unrestricted in the Middle Ages. Return t

• Argentaye Tract on Heraldry

  Autres armes sont propres a celz qui les portent par roison de leur office, et durant qu'ils exercent icelles offices et non autrement, comme les eleuz et gouverneurs d'une bonne ville durant leur off

• Regulation of Heraldry in England (1)

  The limits of the available documentation have prevented me from looking elsewhere than in London, but Thrupp makes clear in the above passage that armorial bearings were not used only by London merch

• French Heraldry and Related Topics

  Heraldry in France has been associated, and confused, with nobility. As far as municipal heraldry is concerned, cities and towns are free to choose their arms as they please. Sources: Return to French

• Error 500

  Can't connect to www.heraldica:80 (Bad hostname 'www.heraldica')

• Women and Heraldry

  In modern (i.e. post-Renaissance) heraldry, it is common that women's arms are required to be placed in lozenge-shaped shields. He also notes two octogonal shields (Jeanne de Ponthieu in 1345 and Mari

• A Note on Scots Heraldry

  by James Dempster (See also Heraldry in Scotland, a fuller article, by the same author.) To establish a right to a Scots coat of arms you must prove that you are the heir to it. Last modified: Feb 22,

• Bartolo's De Insigniis et Armis

  The text is taken from Osvaldo Cavallar, Susanne Dgenring and Julius Kirshner, A Grammar of Signs: Bartolo da Sassoferrato's Tract on Insignia and Coats of Arms, Berkeley CA 1994, Robbins Collection P

• Papal Heraldry

  See also an extraordinary collection of papal arms by Roberto Piperno, taken from various monuments in Rome (note: this link is frequently down). Arnaud Bunel has produced a complete illustrated armor

• Knighthood and Chivalry

  The terms are often confused, and often needlessly distinguished. See also my page on women knights. Last modified: Sep 25, 1996 Return to Knighthood Main Page | Heraldic Glossary François Velde Last

• Legal Status of Heraldry in the US

  There is a good deal of confusion among the general public about the status of heraldry in the United States, due to the perceived link between heraldry and nobility on the one hand, to the prohibitio

• Bonet's Arbre des Batailles (1387)

  Honoré de Bonet (ca. 1340-ca. 1410) was a Frenchman from Provence, a cleric who was prior of Salon near Embrun. Chapter 129 is devoted to the tinctures and their significance. Bonet was very influenti

• Meaning of Arms

  It is fruitless to try to determine "the meaning" of a specific coat of arms. Here are some charges which are characteristic (taken from Piero Marchi: I Blasoni delle Famiglie Toscane; Roma, 1992). So

• Heraldry and Literature

  Heraldry and Literature Ferdinand de Gramont (1815-1897), a friend of Balzac, helped him invent coats of arms for the various families of the writer's novels. Return to the Main Heraldry Page. Last mo

• British Heraldry

  British Heraldry Contents Main Documents: Regulation of Heraldry in England The Royal Arms of Great Britain Marks of Cadency in the Royal Family Royal Styles in Great Britain A Note on Scots Heraldr

• Commoners' Arms in England

  The following armory is compiled from two sources. A few of the coats have apparently survived to the 19th c., and they are mentioned in Burke's Landed Gentry (Poultney and Weld). (ald.=alderman of th

• The Writs of 1417

  The only evidence of any restrictions on the right to bear arms prior to the 16th c. in England comes from writs sent by Henry V to the sheriffs of (Southamptonshire, Sussex, Dorsetshire and Wiltshire

• Heralds of England, Scotland and Ireland

  The present Lyon, second son of Sir Thomas Innes of Learney, had a rapid career in Scots heraldry under the tutelage of his father: Falkland Pursuivant Extraordinary in 1957 (at the extraordinary age

• Cases in the Court of Chivalry

  This is a summary of D. There are 171 cases listed. The cases fall into two periods: 1623-40 (64 cases) and 1687-1707 (66 cases) with 1 case in 1732. Return to British Heraldry Page | Heraldic Glossar

• Royal Arms of Britain

  Most of the information here is from Thomas Woodcock and John Martin Robinson: The Oxford Guide to Heraldry, Oxford University Press, 1990. Return to British Heraldry Page | Heraldic Glossary François

• The Earl Marshal

  What follows is an article posted to rec.heraldry on 15 Jun 1995 by Patrick Cracroft-Brennan on the Earl Marshal. In all our discussions very little attention has been given to the actual nature of th

• Anglican Heraldry

  Diocese of Blackburn Cathedral of Carlisle Cathedral of Durham The arms of the diocese of Ely, England, courtesy of Simon Kershaw. Cathedral of Ely Cathedral of Gloucester Cathedral of Guildford C

• Number of Grants by the English Kings of Arms

  An article by W Elmhurst in the Coat of Arms, 1957 used the catalogues of grants of arms printed by Joseph Forster in the 1840s to provide a rough count of the grants of arms made by thr English heral

• Royal Styles

  See also the Titles FAQ and the ATR mini-FAQ on styles. The Oxford English Dictionary defines style as: Return to The List of Heraldry Topics | Heraldic Glossary François Velde Last modified: Aug 31,

• Error 404

  File Not Found

• American Heraldry Page

  American Heraldry Articles on Heraldry Legal Status of Heraldry Heraldry of Government Bodies The American Flag Heraldic Institutions in America Heraldry of the States Heraldry of the Episcopal Church

• Episcopal Heraldry in the US

  This article is by Thomas Rightmyer. The national Episcopal Church has a shield and flag: Argent, a cross gules, on a canton azure nine cross-crosslets argent in saltire. François Velde Last modified:

• Academic Heraldry: USA

  Academic Heraldry in the United States Also of interest may be a page full of links to www servers at zillions of universities world-wide.... Here are a few examples of heraldry as used by fraterniti

• Nobility in America

  In any case, there were eight Lords Proprietors, the eldest of whom was the "palatine" and head of the province...there's a clear interpretive problem in the case of the first article: The eldest of t

• Heraldic Institutions in America

  Heraldry is unregulated, and, aside from the Seal of the United States, unprotected in any way. There are other organizations, one of which is the American College of Heraldry: this is a non-official,

• Bibliography of US Heraldry

  Bibliography of US Heraldry Contains entries for 1,600 families of British origin. Crozier, William A. Reference: Return to American Heraldry Page | Heraldic Glossary François Velde Last modified: Sep

• Official Heraldry of the United States

  It did not meet with a favorable reception. "A shield argent paly of six gules, a chief azure charged with a fouled anchor or; shield and anchor outlined of the third; on a wreath argent and gules, an

• American Flag

  From: tipcat@wam.umd.edu (Frank Young) The red, white and blue of the American flag derive their origins fundamentally from the Union Jack amd the ensigns of the squadrons of the Navy. Last modified:

• Index to French Heraldry

  Member of the Internet Genealogical Directory Information on French genealogy (in French) A collection of medieval illuminations devoted to French historical figures, from the National Library of Fr

• Lawsuit brought by the comte de Clermont against the duc d'Anjou (1988-89)

  Céans, les plaideurs, c'est-à-dire a et b ci-dessus, veulent faire reconnaîÎtre en justice qu'ils ont le droit de porter « d'azur à trois fleurs de lys d'or posées 2 et 1 ».On croirait qu'ils se tromp

• The French Royal Family

  The Royal Lineage The Bourbons Titles Apanages Family Names and Titles of Younger Sons Forms of Address Marks of Difference on Royal Arms Given Names The royal lineage of France was descended from Hug

• French Heraldry: Characteristics

  The heraldry of each country has certain peculiar rules and customs, as well as a certain flavor. France is one of the places where heraldry began, and the language of heraldry can be said to be Frenc

• Arms of France

  The arms of France, since the late 12th century, have been Azure, a semis of fleurs-de-lis or, changed in 1376 to Azure, three fleurs-de-lis or. In February 1790 the title of Louis XVI was changed fro

• Heraldry of French Regions

  Under construction See also the nicely illustrated Armorial des Anciennes Provinces de France by Jean-Marc Frénéa. Historically, modern France was created by progressive enlargement. François Velde La

• The French Flags

  See also the page on the French Flag on the Web site of the President of the French Republic. A table of all regimental flags in the French Army, 1771 from the Archives Départementales des Yvelines,

• Louis XVIII and Charles X on the rights of the BOurbon-Anjou

  Louis-Philippe après l’entrevue, publiées dans: Ferdinand-Philippe d’Orléans, Souvenirs (annexe, p. 410), préparé par Hervé Robert. This conversation took place soon after the death of Louis XVIII (16

• The Bonapartes The Bonapartes

  The Bonaparte or Buonaparte family originally comes from Florence. Another piece of the Bonaparte family came to the US: the two sons of Caroline, sister of the Emperor, and Joachim Murat, king of Nap

• Nobility in France

  See also several articles on this topic on Caltrap's Corner. This section discusses mainly the French nobility as it existed until 1789. Return to French Heraldry Page | Heraldic Glossary François Vel

• The "Pacte de Famille" of 1761

  First published June 12, 1998 on alt.talk.royalty After the accession of Louis XIV's grandson as king of Spain in 1700, and the confirmation of that accession by the treaty of Utrecht in 1713, the tra

• Royal Family of France: Iconography

  Charles VII, by Jean Fouquet. François Ier, by Jean Clouet. Henri II (anon.). Charles IX, by François Clouet. Henri III, by François Quesnel (attr.). Henri IV, by Frans Pourbus. Marie-Thérèse d'Autric

• The Alleged Renunciations of Philippe-Égalité

  first published: Sept. 3, 1998 Some legitimists have argued that the house of Orléans could not support the validity of the Utrecht renunciations without being in contradiction with itself, since, it

• Orleanism versus Legitimism: An Exchange (0)

  This exchange of views on Orleanism versus Legitimism took place on the alt.talk.royalty newsgroup in September 1996. Guy Sainty has also published his statement of the Legitimist view (substantially

• The Abdication of the throne of Spain by Felipe V (1724)

  In the course of our discussion of legitimism and Orleanism, Guy referred to an episode in history, which showed what were Felipe V's feelings with respect to the Utrecht renunciations he had made. La

• French Peerage in the 19th c.

  Courtesy titles were provided for in law: the eldest son of a duc-pair had the title of marquis and his other sons that of comte, the eldest son of a marquis-pair had the title of comte and his other

• a few texts by Carlos, duque de Madrid

  Carlos de Borbon, duque de Madrid (1848-1909) was the leader of the Carlist party from 1868, and head of the house of Bourbon (senior representative of the line of Louis XIV) from 1887, the death of h

• Armory of the pre-1789 French Peerage

  See also general information on Old Regime peerages. This page contains a list of all French peerages created until 1789, with the coats of arms of the holders (some arms are still missing: for prince

• The Nationality Requirement in the French succession laws

  first published: July 22, 1999 One of the points of contention in the debate between Orleanism and Legitimism is the question of nationality. Return to French Heraldry Page | Heraldic Glossary Françoi

• France, Navarre, Béarn and Andorra

  The king of France was always "king of France" period, and usually avoided the German styles with their long enumerations of territories. Return to French Heraldry Page | Heraldic Glossary François Ve

• Renunciations to Future Successions in pre-1789 French Law

  Introduction Renunciations in private law Renunciations in public law One of the arguments used by some Legitimists against the validity of the renunciations made as part of the Treaty of Utrecht to e

• The Bourbons

  The name of Bourbon comes from a town in France (called Bourbon-L'Archambault from the name of an early lord) and the region around it, the Bourbonnais. Return to The List of Heraldry Topics | Heraldi

• Utrecht Treaty

  A city in the Netherlands. There are two treaties of Utrecht, relevant to this discussion: France-UK on April 12, 1713 and Spain-UK on July 13, 1713. "I, Don Philip, by the Grace of God King of Castil

• Napoleonic Heraldry

  See also: The Fondation Napoléon See the discussion of Napoleonic Titles first. Napoleon did not regulate heraldry or restrict free assumption beyond his titled nobility. Arnaud Bunel has depicted mo

• People in Heraldry

  Discussions of specific individuals and their armorial bearings. Bourbons Thatcher (Baroness) Women Knights in the Middle Ages Joan of Arc (Jeanne d'Arc) Armory of various famous people list of Briti

• [No Title]

  [No Summary]

• An Armory of Famous People

  The Armory Musicians Writers Painters, Sculptors, Architects Scientists Famous Americans Miscellaneous References Klaus Kristiansen's source is the Alverdens Heraldik i Farver. Return to the Main Hera

• Women Knights

  Were there women knights in the Middle Ages? Several established military orders had women who were associated with them, beyond the simple provision of aid. Return to Knighthood Main Page | Heraldic

• Armorial Bearings on the Web

  Armorial Bearings on the Web A heraldry enters the Age of Technology, various people have placed their armorial bearings on their home-pages. Here are a few examples where some care has gone into the

• Coat of Arms of Jeanne d'Arc

  The Arc family seemed to have arms prior to these events, namely: Azure a bow or in fess, thereon three arrows crossed ..., on a chief argent a lion passant gules [note: I am told that the Darc family

• Knighthood and Orders of Chivalry

  Under construction. The following pages deal with knights and knighthood, as well as the related concept of order of knighthood, both in its original form as a medieval institution, and its modern for

• History of Orders of Chivalry

  See also Guy Sainty's Chivalric Orders; this page benefited from his comments, although I remain responsible for the opinions expressed here. Return to Knighthood Main Page | Heraldic Glossary Françoi

• The Teutonic Order

  See a much more ddetailed account on the Chivalric Orders web site. The Teutonic Order was founded in 1190 during the siege of Acre, when a hospital brotherhood was established to care for the many si

• Academic Heraldry

  Academic Heraldry United Kingdom Canada New Zealand United States Continental Europe

• Academic Heraldry: New Zealand

  Academic Heraldry in New Zealand Thanks to Stuart Yeates for the URLs. University of Otago University of Auckland University of Waikato Victoria University of Wellington University of Cant

• Academic Heraldry: UK

  Academic Heraldry in the United Kingdom Roger Forder writes: It is slightly unfortunate, therefore, that, in this Web version, the lion rampant of Scotland within the Royal Arms is bright blue rather

• Academic Heraldry: Canada

  Academic Heraldry in Canada University of British Columbia. The blazon is something along the lines of: Argent, three bars wavy azure, issuant from the base a demi-sun in splendour proper; on a chief

• Academic Heraldry: Cont. Europe

  Academic Heraldry in Continental Europe Spain Universidad de Navarra shows the arms of the kingdom of Navarra held by an angel. Granada University features the arms of Carlos I, Emperor and king of Sp

• Heraldry by Countries

  This topic groups discussions of heraldry by country. For Europe, you can also use a clickable map. The @ sign indicates that more articles will be found by following that link. See also Arnaud Bunel'

• Heraldry in Canada

  See also: Heraldry Society of Canada which also has a number of links. Recently, a scroll was added with the motto "They desire a better country". The Armorial Heritage Foundation. Return to National

• Southern Slav States

  More ample information about the history of the former Yugoslavia can be found in the Yugoslavia Army Area Handbook. Return to National Heraldry Page | Heraldic Glossary François Velde Last modified:

• Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem

  The Kingdom of Jerusalem was created in 1098, when the members of the First Crusade captured Jerusalem and elected Godfrey of Boulogne, or Godefroi de Bouillon, duke of Lower-Lorraine, as king of Jeru

• Poland

  A Polish-Lithuanian Bibliography by David Zincavage. The Polish Page on Vicnet (Australia) has several articles on Polish heraldry: Lublin Welcome to Lublin Nowy Targ François Velde Last modified: Aug

• Australia

  The current design of the Australian Coat of Arms was granted by Royal Warrant by King George V n 19 September 1912, to be borne and used 'upon Seals, Shields, Banners, or otherwise according to the L

• Modern Austria

  See also the arms of the Austrian-Hungarian Monarchy. The present arms are set out in the Austrian Constitution ( Section 1, article 8a (2)), which states: The Arms of the Republic of Austria (Feder

• Galicia

  Adapted from comments by: Alex Allister Shvartsman The Ruthenian Palatinate of Poland included the Galician land from roughly 1400(??) to the second partition of Poland in 1793 when the area was annex

• Flag and Arms in Greece

  Arms: Azure a cross argent. The flag above was adopted in 1822. Abolished by the Colonels (who took power in a coup in 1967), it was adopted as sole flag of Greece in 1975, and replaced by the above i

• South Africa

  See also: Oliver Steudler's page on Heraldry in South Africa. South Africa has a long established heraldic tradition, and is one of only a few countries were heraldry enjoys de jure protection. Cont

• The Bahamas

  The arms of the Bahamas. Return to National Heraldry Page | Heraldic Glossary François Velde Last modified: Oct 15, 1997

• Czech and Slovakian Arms

  The historic arms of Bohemia appear in the late 12th c. The base of the cross first was three arches of a gothic trefoil (13th c.). Return to National Heraldry Page | Heraldic Glossary François Velde

• Baltic States

  From c34657b@saha.hut.fi (Tuomas Viljanen) and tsahib@vipunen.hut.fi (Tero Juhani Heikkinen): Estonia: Or, three lions passant guardant in pale azure. Return to National Heraldry Page | Heraldic Gloss

• Byzantine Heraldry

  The use of heraldic insignia as a symbolic representation of families did not develop in Byzantium. These arms all come from Rietstap. Return to National Heraldry Page | Heraldic Glossary François Vel

• Heraldry in Germany

  Geviert mit Herzschild (Hauswappen von Sachsen): 1) in Silber eine fünfblätterige rote Rose mit goldenem Samen und grünen Barte (Altenburg), 2) in Silber drei blaue Querbalken (Eisenberg), 3) in mit r

• Russia

  Heraldry in Russia Heraldry Page by Ilya Morozov Maksim Razumkin's Home Page. Oxana Smirnova's Home Page. Return to National Heraldry Page | Heraldic Glossary François Velde Last modified: Apr 27, 19

• Austrian-Hungarian Monarchy

  Small Imperial Arms: [Or,] a double-headed eagle sable, armed and crowned or, holding a scepter and sword in dexter claw and an orb in sinister claw, all of the second, beneath the Austrian imperial

• Heraldry in Spain

  March 19, 1812 (rescinded 1814, reinstated 1820, rescinded 1823, reinstated 1836, abolished 1837) succession is by normal order of primogeniture and representation among the legitimate male and female

• Hungary

  Coat of arms of the Republic of Hungary, since 1990 Coat of arms of the kingdom of Hungary, prior to 1918 (click here for another depiction, from the castle in Buda, 1880)) Other GIF images of maps an

• Heraldry in Jordan

  Heraldry in Jordan

• Heraldry in Belgium

  The Constitution of 1994 provides ( article 193): "The Belgian Nation adopts red, yellow, and black colors, while the Coat of Arms* depicts the Lion of Belgium with the Motto: Union Makes Strength."

• Heraldry in Chile

  Heraldry in Chile Arms of Chile Return to National Heraldry Page | Heraldic Glossary François Velde Last modified: Apr 17, 1999

• San Marino Heraldry

  San Marino Heraldry The Arms of San Marino (with permission from Gian Maria Di Flumeri).  Return to National Heraldry Page | Heraldic Glossary François Velde Last modified: Oct 15, 1997

• Romania

  The arms of the kingdom of Rumania, from 1872 to 1921, were: Azure, an eagle displayed crowned or, armed gules, holding in its right claw a sword argent armed or, in the left claw a scepter or, in the

• Albania

  Gules, a double-headed eagle sable. The violation of the usual tincture rule may not necessarily be due to the fact that it is a flag rather than "real" arms: see the Subic arms of Bosnia, which were

• Heraldry in Portugal

  Heraldry in Portugal Arms of the kingdom of Portugal (ca. 1760). References (Provided by D. Lisboa, Revista "Ocidente" [1945]. Other Resources Return to National Heraldry Page | Heraldic Glossary Fran

• Miscellaneous Countries

  Links to Miscellaneous Countries Arms of the Republic of Chile Arms of the Kingdom of Hawai'i Suriname Information on the Flag and Coat of Arms of Zambia and a picture Return to National Heraldry Pag

• Styles and Precedence

  This catch-all title is meant to cover various questions of rank, precedence, style, which arise on rec.heraldry at times. Return to The List of Heraldry Topics | Heraldic Glossary François Velde Last

• Styles of the Nobility

  For ecclesiastics, the style of révérendissime or Illustrissime et révérendissime (most-illustrious and most-reverend) was used for bishops, archbishops, generals of orders. François Velde Last modifi

• Titles of Nobility

  See the Titles FAQ written for the newsgroup alt.talk.royalty by Mark Odegard: it covers most questions related to titles of nobility and their hierarchies in Europe. See the Almanach de la Cour for a

• Heraldica Site Map

  This page contains a listing of all the pages on this site. Heraldy in Various Countries Notes on heraldic practices, arms of countries or royal families, etc Return to Heraldica Main Page | Heraldic

• NO TITLE

  The Founders of the Most Noble Order of the Garter in 1348 were as follows: Edward, Prince of Wales Henry "of Lancaster," Earl of Derby, aft. Return to Knighthood Main Page | Heraldic Glossary Fran

• Regulation of Heraldry in England (2)

  Another sign of this disregard is evident in the fall-off in the number of grants made by the Heralds. The 18th and 19th centuries witnessed quite a bit of heraldic freedom. François Velde Last modifi

• The Renunciations of 1713

  In the course of our discussion of legitimism and Orleanism, Guy referred to the circumstances surrounding the renunciations made by Felipe V to the throne of France, and by the dukes of Orléans and B

• 1917 Proclamation

  NO SUMMARY

• Scots Members of the French Nobility

  One peculiar aspect of the "auld alliance" between France and Scotland (founded on the common enmity with England) was the existence of French titles held by Scots nobles. François Velde Last modified

• An Armory of Famous People in the Fine Arts

  Jacques-Louis David (1748-1825): Arms: Or a painter's palette sable, thereon two arms proper, one issuant at sinister from a mantle gules, the hand dexter appaume, the other holding three sabres of p

• Serbian Heraldry

  Serbian Heraldry The following pictures and descriptions are provided by Aleksandar Stojsic. The coat of arms of the Serbian Orthodox Church Return to National Heraldry Page | Heraldic Glossary Franço

• Royal Styles and Highnesses in Spain: the 1987 Decree

  Translation by Mark Anthony Rodriguez (). Real Decreto 1368/1987, de 6 de noviembre, sobre regimen de titulos, tratamientos y honores de la Famila Real y de los Regentes. Last modified: 15 Aug 1996 Fr

• Malta

  Heraldry of Malta See a note on the Flag and on the Coat of Arms of Malta. See also my page on the Order of Malta.  Return to National Heraldry Page | Heraldic Glossary François Velde Last modified:

• The Royal Marriage Act, 1772

  Most GRACIOUS SOVEREIGN, WHEREAS your Majesty, from your paternal affection to your own family, and from your royal concern for the future welfare of your people, and the honour and dignity of your cr

• Order of the Temple

  The arms of the Order are argent a cross gules or argent a cross patty couped gules. See the illustrated armory by Arnaud Bunel. The following armory is based on an article in the Annuaire de la Nobl

• The Sovereign Military Order of Saint-John (Malta)

  Bodrum is the modern name of the ancient Halicarnassos. View of Bodrum (45K): taken from the ruins of the Hellenistic amphitheater. Return to Knighthood Main Page | Heraldic Glossary François Velde La

• Heraldry in Tuscany

  The arms of Florence were Argent a fleur-de-lys flory gules (first mentioned in 1251, with reversed tinctures). Return to National Heraldry Page | Heraldic Glossary François Velde Last modified: Aug 0

• Error 404

  File Not Found

• An Armory of Famous Musicians

  Portrait of Alessandro Scarlatti. Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750): some flowers. Antonio Stradivari (1644-1737): famous violin-maker. See also a list of British knighthoods earned by musicians and c

• Azure 3 Fleurs-de-Lis Or

  The arms of France, since the late 12th century, have been Azure, a semis of fleurs-de-lis or, changed in 1376 to Azure, three fleurs-de-lis or. These arms appear elsewhere in Europe, either as the ar

• Error 404

  File Not Found

• Error 404

  File Not Found

• Heraldry in Ireland

  Office of the Chief Herald of Ireland Heraldry is known to have existed in Ireland by the 13th century, imported by the English conquerors. See Terence MacCarthy's book on the office of Ulster Herald

• The Sovereignty of the Order of Malta

  Under construction. The sovereignty of the order of Malta is a controversial topic in international law. I intend to visit this issue, as a side note to the question of legitimacy of orders. In the me

• documents relatifs au duché de Bouillon, 1529-1825

  Les domaines qui appartiendront au duc actuellement régnant dans toute l'étendue du duché de Bouillon, seront, à son invitation expresse, et conformément à la teneur de sa déclaration du 25 juin derni

• [No Title]

  [No Summary]

• Knighthood and Orders of Chivalry

  Under construction. The following pages deal with knights and knighthood, as well as the related concept of order of knighthood, both in its original form as a medieval institution, and its modern for

• Arms of French Cities: by département

  Please see the introduction first. DT>Toulouse (Haute-Garonne): Gules a paschal lamb holding a staff with the cross of Toulouse, between a castle and a church argent masoned sable, on a chief France a

• French Grant of Arms, 1696

  The only exception to the freedom of assuming arms in France occurred from 1696 to 1709. This grant of arms was made on August 8, 1698 to Nicolas Scourions, esquire, lord of Begaudelle. A translation

• NO TITLE

  Order of Saint Ignatius founded in 1976 by the metropolitan of the Antiochian Orthodox archdiocese of North America, with the blessing of the Antioch patriarch Elias IV. Order of Saint Andrew the Apos

• Heraldry in Luxembourg

  The arms of Luxembourg date to the 13th century. See a mor edetailed and informative page on Ralf Hartemink's International Civic Arms site. Return to National Heraldry Page | Heraldic Glossary Fran

• [No Title]

  [No Summary]

• Orleanism versus Legitimism: An Exchange (2)

  Subject: The Orleanist Case From: (Francois R. Messieurs les Anglais, tirez les premiers. I have made clear my point: the legitimist algorithm is based on a fiction: a set of rule

• Heraldry in the Holy Roman Empire

  The Holy Roman Empire (Heiliges ömisches Reich der Deutschen Nation) was composed at the end of the 18th century of around 360 distinct entities. Return to National Heraldry Page | Heraldic Glossary F

• Orleanism versus Legitimism: An Exchange (4)

  Subject: Re: Reply to Francois Velde - legitimism v. orleanism From: (Francois R. As I've said elsewhere, I'm rather new at this, and Guy is an old hand, so I made mistakes in my f

• Index to French Heraldry

  knighthood"> Bibliography on French Legitimism and Royal Succession This bibliography is under construction. Champion, 1914. Return to French Heraldry Page | Heraldic Glossary François Velde Last modi

• Orleanism versus Legitimism: An Exchange (6)

  Subject: Re: Legitimist v. GuySainty@msn.com (Guy Stair Sainty) wrote: >My preference for establishing and identifying the laws by which a sovereign >succeeds and then determining the claimant is p

• An Armory of Famous Writers

  An Armory of Famous Writers Johann-Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832; Saxony, ennobled by the Emperor 1782): Arms: azure, a star and a border or. Charles-Augustin de Sainte-Beuve (1804-69): Azure three r

• Arms of French Cities: alphabetical

  Please see the introduction first. Saint-Sever (Landes): per pale dimidiated azure three fleur-de-lys or and gules nine ermine spots in three rows of three argent. Return to French Heraldry Page | Her

• Eugène de Beauharnais

  Eugène de Beauharnais was born on Sep. 3, 1781 in Paris, of vicomte Alexandre de Beauharnais (1760-94) and Joséphine Tascher de la Pagerie (1763-1814). Return to French Heraldry Page | Heraldic Glossa

• Heraldry in Pre-Unification Italy

  See also Arnaud Bunel's illustrated armory of Italian territories. When Italy was formed in 1859-60, a number of independent states disappeared in the process. The following table gives a sense of the

• French Law and Unofficial Orders

  French Law has been dealing with unofficial orders and decorations since the early 19th century. References: Arnaud Chaffanjon and Bertrand Galimard Flavigny: Ordres et contre-ordres de chevalerie. Re

• An Armory of Famous People: Miscellaneous

  An Armory of Famous People: Miscellaneous Marco Polo (1254-1324): Arms: Or a bend azure between four cocks sable armed, beaked, combed and wattled gules. Canting arms. Christopher Columbus * Charles

• Names of French Heralds

  Other heralds cited without names: Jean le Forestier, herald in 1534; Etienne Vallet, king of arms in 1530, Edmond du Boullay, herald, ennobled 1545; Robert Marie, herald of CHarles VIII. The order of

• Bookmarks for Francois Velde

  Chicago Tribune | Leisure - Good Eating Chicago Dining on Metromix Illegally Parked Vehicles Where's My Car !!! Newscast Today - Front Page The New York Times on the Web Financial Times: Top Stories E

• Italian Law and Unofficial Orders

  The Law of March 3, 1951 created the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic. Art. 7– I cittadini italiani non possono usare nel territorio della Repubblica onorificenze o distinzioni cavalleresche lor

• My biographical info

  One of the nice things about economics is that I am able to explore my interests in, say, music, or numismatics, or Latin, under the guise of economic research: why not study the economic history of B

• An Armory of Famous Scientists

  Adrien-Marie Legendre (1752-1833), mathematician: Per pale: 1, azure on a rock issuant from a sea a tower embattled of five pieces, all argent; thereon a "fanal" argent allume gueules; 2, sable a te

• Heraldry in Switzerland

  A good armory of Switzerland is Heraldica helvetica by François J. The following maps and pictures come from the Switzerland page of Interconnect Internet Provider Switzerland. Aargau Appenzell (Inn

• François Velde: A Photo Album

  François Velde: A Photo Album Hiking in the Crazy Mountains (Montana) In College (note the cool outfits): with Élie Ayache, Luxembourg Gardens, Paris, and the same The Women in My Life Mélusine b

• A Teenager

  A Teenager Marius Avitus Bassianus (204-222 AD), a.k.a. Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (218-222), a.k.a. Return to the Personal Album. Last modified: May 5, 1999 François R.

• [No Title]

  [No Summary]

• NO TITLE

  The House Law of 1890 (amended 1907) defines the Imperial Family to be the Emperor, Grand Empress Dowager, the Empress Dowager, the Empress, the Kotaishi (= Heir-Apparent) and consort, the Kotaison (=

• Instrument of Abdication Act (1936)

  Whereas His Majesty by His Royal Message of the tenth day of December in this present year has been pleased to declare that He is irrevocably determined to renounce the Throne for Himself and His desc

• The Oriflamme, Standard of the French kings

  The oriflamme was a sacred banner used by the kings of France in the Middle Ages in times of great danger. What was its origin? Return to French Heraldry Page | Heraldic Glossary François Velde Last m

• François Velde: Personal Page

  François Velde: Personal Page About Myself: a short biography A Photo Album my course at the University of Chicago perhaps my favorite poem Other Links Return to the Main Page. Last modified: Apr

• Official Statement of the Holy See on Self-Styled Orders

  To all these alleged Orders of Knighthood and similar ones, with the adjoining more or less international Gol, Silver and Blue Cross Associations, those Orders must certainly be added which, together

• BIBLIOGRAPHY

  BIBLIOGRAPHY [As most readers' browsers will lack the capability of reproducing Polish accents and Cyrillic fonts, these have been omitted at this time.] The Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of L

• Christopher Columbus

  On May 20, 1493 the Spanish monarchs granted Cristobal Colon a coat of arms, described as follows: Roughly: 1) Gules a castle or; 2) Argent a lion gules crowned or; 3) Azure several islands or; 4) Azu

• A Heraldic Tour of Italy (I)

  A Heraldic Tour of Italy Florence and Venice Tuscany Rome Naples Return to the page on Italian heraldry

• German Flag

  The schwarz-weiß-rot flag (black-white-red) was adopted by the North-German Union in 1867, as a combination of the black-white of Prussia and the red-white of the Hanseatic League. In 1919 the black-r

• Arms of Italian Towns and Cities

  Note: many arms can be found for towns in Piacenza (I have not downloaded them yet). Abbiategrasso Aquila (province) Assisi Bassano del Grappa Bolsena Brindisi Cadore Caserta Castellina in Chi

• North American Heraldry

  North American Heraldry Bahamas Canada United States@ Return to National Heraldry Page | Heraldic Glossary François Velde Last modified: Oct 15, 1997

• Orleanism versus Legitimism: An Exchange (1)

  Subject: Re: The French Legitimist Claim From: stairsainty@msn.com (guy stair sainty) Date: 4 Sep 1996 08:09:34 -0700 Guy Stair Sainty The ideal of Monarchy as a focus for national identity, as the im

• Orleanism versus Legitimism: An Exchange (3)

  Subject: Reply to Francois Velde - legitimism v. orleanism From: stairsainty@msn.com (guy stair sainty) Date: 12 Sep 1996 14:22:34 -0700 I had hoped that François rather than begin by trying to demoli

• Orleanism versus Legitimism: An Exchange (5)

  Subject: Legitimist v. My preference for establishing and identifying the laws by which a sovereign succeeds and then determining the claimant is predicated on the principle that a royal succession ne

• Catholic Heraldry

  Warning: some of the heraldic prescriptions described here are out of date. In Italy, the hat completely replaced the mitre but in France, bishops often added on top of the shield (and below the hat)

• NO TITLE

  International Commission on Orders of Chivalry (1996) Membership of the International Commission on Orders of Chivalry (Commission Internationale Permanente d'Études des Ordres de Chevalerie) as of Ja

• Heraldry in Sweden

  Under construction. See a page on Swedish Heraldry by Elias Granqvist. See the Swedish Royal Court. See a very nice Page on Swedish grants of arms to the Gyllenhaal family. Return to National Heraldry

• African Countries

  African Countries South Africa Information on the Flag and Coat of Arms of Zambia and a picture Armorial Bearings in the former Rhodesia, now Zimbabwe Return to National Heraldry Page | Heraldic Gl

• The Nine Worthies

  Sources: Hans Burgkmayr (1473-1531), a prominent engraver from Augsburg, who made a suite of Nine Worthies engravings in 1516 (HB). Return to The List of Heraldry Topics | Heraldic Glossary François V

• Heraldry in the House of Savoia

  The House of Savoia was the royal family of Italy from March 17, 1861, when Vittorio Emanuele II, king of Sardinia, was proclaimed "by the grace of God king of Italy", to June 13 1946, when Umberto II

• Tinctures

  The first shields seen on seals follow military fashions of the day, because they are still close to their actual battlefield counterparts. Return to The List of Heraldry Topics | Heraldic Glossary Fr

• Ecclesiastical Heraldry

  Ecclesiastical Heraldry Catholic Church Anglican Heraldry Episcopal Heraldry Other Resources See some heraldic stained-glass windows from Minnesota, presented by Richard Oliver, OSB. Return to the Mai

• Imaginary Heraldry

  Medieval heraldry did not limit itself to the heraldry of existing individuals, families and entities. And, of course, Dürer made a beautiful engraving of Death's coat of arms, shown in Neubecker next

• Introduction to Heraldica

  This page is an introduction to Heraldica and explains what you can find on this Web site. Heraldica means "things heraldic" (literally) or "heraldry" in Latin. This site tries to present a lot of fac

• [No Title]

  [No Summary]

• Heraldica Server: Statistics

  These statistics are compiled using MKStats 2.3: May 1999 April 1999 March 1999 February 1999 January 1999 December 1998 November 1998 October 1998 September 1998 August 1998 July 1998 June 1998 May

• Heraldic Glossaries

  This illustrated glossary can be used two ways: English | Français | Deutsch |  Español | Italiano |  Nederlands  If you are using this Glossary for the first time, please read the instructions first.

• Translator/Atlas Instructions

  This translator/atlas is based on the Vocabulaire-Atlas Héraldique published in Paris in 1952 by baron Stalins under the auspices of the International Heraldry Academy, which contains a list of about

• alt.talk.royalty FAQ

  FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS FOR ALT.TALK.ROYALTY -- ROYAL & NOBLE FAMILIES OF THE WORLD -- SUMMARY: This regular posting contains a list of Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) and their an

• alt.talk.royalty FAQ: British royalty and nobility

  FAQ: British royalty and nobility FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS FOR ALT.TALK.ROYALTY -- BRITISH ROYAL & NOBLE FAMILIES -- SUMMARY: This regular posting contains a list of Frequently Asked Q

• Lexicon

  ALT.TALK.ROYALTY LEXICON Summary: Welcome to the alt.talk.royalty FAQ lexicon.  The words in the following list are included here as a guide to their counterparts in various languages.  To attempt to

• ROYAL LANDMARKS (by Eric-Jan Noomen)

  ROYAL LANDMARKS FOR ALT.TALK.ROYALTY SUMMARY: This list of royal landmarks (places of interest) was originally prepared in the summer of 1996.  I posted the list to alt.talk.royalty in the spring of

• A Glossary of European Noble, Princely, Royal and Imperial Titles

  Outline. Introduction. 2. The German "Ritter", when part of a last name, indicates the German equivalent of a baronetcy. When one picks through lesser German titles, such things as "Waldgraf", Rheingr

• Styles

  STYLES OF SOVEREIGNS and STYLES OF CHILDREN OF SOVEREIGNS Summary: This alt.talk.royalty mini-FAQ on styles is an attempt at providing examples of the many styles used today and in the past by the m

• Illustated Atlas of Heraldic Terms

  The International Glossary comes with a set of plates, a total of about 520 illustrations for all the terms contained in the Glossary. You can browse through these plates; then, by clicking on the pic

• What's New at Heraldica

  For the benefit of repeat visitors, here is a list of recent additions or improvements, in reverse chronological order: Return to Heraldica Main Page | Heraldic Glossary François Velde Last modified:

• Heraldry in the Netherlands

  Heraldry in the Netherlands Other Resources Nederlandse Gemeentewapens (Dutch Civic Arms), a site set up by Ralf Hartemink, specializes in the arms of Dutch cities and provinces. Return to National He

• Abatements

  There is another mark of disgrace which is due only to the traitor: it consists in debasing or reversing the entire coat." I do not know for sure, of course, but my guess is that the concept of abatem

• NO TITLE

  NO SUMMARY

• Monaco

  Subsequently Charlotte, was adopted by Louis in Paris, at the Monegasque embassy, on May 16, 1919, in the presence of the French president and foreign affairs minister, Albert, Louis, the president of

• Revived and Recently Created Orders

  This page describes a few modern orders of knighthood, which are either recreations of specific medieval orders, or imitations of medieval or monarchical orders without specific reference to any one.

• Tinctures

  Those are coats of arms whose blazon, or verbal description in the language of heraldry, recalls the name (or, less often, some attribute or function) of the holder of the arms. Pursuant to the edict

• Heraldry in Italy

  New! As a matter of fact there are several avaible Italian books on heraldry: The most respected publisher of heraldic books is: Arnaldo Forni Editore, Sala Bolognese (Bologna), Via Gramsci, 164, 4001

• Jewish Heraldry

  I think the main reason "Jews didn't usually have a heraldic device of their own" is that very few of them were of noble families. From: mittle@watson.ibm.com(Arval Benicoeur) Stephen, I know your lea

• marks of cadency in the British royal family

  Under construction. In the case of royal families, arms are also arms of dominion, and it is therefore important to distinguish junior members of the family. Return to British Heraldry Page | Heraldic

• The Sovereign Military Order of Saint-John (Malta)

  This page is mainly interested in the heraldic aspects of the Order. See also a heraldic tour of Rhodes and a heraldic tour of the 15th century Castle of Saint Peter in Bodrum, Turkey. Return to Knigh

• Armory of The Grand Masters of the Sovereign Military Order of Saint-John (Malta)

  See also a discussion of the heraldic practices of the Order. The following armory is based on a set of late 19th-century plates reproduced (without citation) in Bascapè and Del Piazzo (pp.287ff). Las

• Heraldry of French Cities

  Frénéa is currently creating a heraldic atlas of France called HERATLAS, with illustrated armories of French cities and maps. For more on civic heraldry, see Ralf Hartemink's excellent site. François

• List of French Départements

  Follow the links to find out the coats of arms for cities in each département. Alsace: Bas-Rhin Haut-Rhin Aquitaine: Dordogne Gironde Landes Lot-et-Garonne Pyrénées-Atlantique Auvergne: Allier

• Title of Prince in France

  (Note: What follows is the standard theory presented in most modern books treating French titles. A few sees had titles attached to them. Return to French Heraldry Page | Heraldic Glossary François Ve

• French Peerage

  These notes describe the French peerage (pairie) from its origins to the 19th century. For illustrations of the arms of French peers see Arnauds Bunel's page on duchies and peerages. With the 16th c.,

• Infantes de España

  This list comes from the Colección Legislativa, 1815-1920.  I have looked through the indices, so I cannot guarantee that I have not missed some decrees.  In particular, there ought to be a decree con

• An Annotated Bibliography of Scottish Heraldic Materials

  Leslie A. 31 August 1999 This bibliography discusses various sources of information on Scots heraldry. MacDonald, William Rae, Scottish Armorial Seals, (William Green & Sons, Edinburgh, 1904) Note: St

• History of the duchy of Bouillon

  The small town of Bouillon is in Belgium, province of Luxembourg; its population was 5,577 in 1994. Some documents are presented in the original French in an appendix. François Velde Last modified: Ju

• Heralds

  All this business of heraldry as the art and knowledge of coats of arms is fine, but why is it called heraldry, and what does it have to do with heralds? See Anthony Wagner: Heralds and Heraldry in th

• Fer de Moline (Mill-rind)

  Three different shapes of the fer de moline The fer de moline, or millrind, is a common charge in European heraldry. The Italian term ferro di muro hints at another interpretation of the charge, namel

• Marks of Difference in the French Royal Family

  Initially, the difference was attributed to the son, and he would keep it even if his titles changed, as when Philippe switched from Touraine to Bourgogne in 1363 (which he inherited and quartered wit

• Apanages in the French Monarchy

  This first paragraph needs reworking. An apanage is a portion of the demesne of the Crown which is given by the sovereign to a younger son. Other titles worth noting: Customs and Titles of the French

• Heraldry in Shakespeare's works

  There are two books on the subject: Rothery, Guy Cadogan: The heraldry of Shakespeare : a commentary with annotations. Return to The List of Heraldry Topics | Heraldic Glossary François Velde Last mo

• Armory of the French hereditary peerage (1814-30)

  See the general remarks on the Restoration peerage. Under Construction. The family name is followed by the dates of nomination, the title (B=baron, V=vicomte, C=comte, M=marquis, D=duc, P=prince) and

• Heraldry of the States in the Union

  Every US State has a seal. Puerto Rico has a proper coat of arms granted by Ferdinand on Nov 8, 1512. See also the Flags of the World Page on US flags. This clickable map is courtesy of the Virtual To

• War-Cries

  A war-cry (French: cri d'armes, cri de guerre, cri) is what its name suggests, something that one (or one's followers) shouted as one threw oneself into the fray. François Velde Last modified: Mar 19,

• Great Officers of the Crown

  The insignia is the staff (the real staff was standardized in 1758 to a length of 21 inches and a diameter of 1 3/8'') covered in blue velvet and studded with golden fleurs-de-lys.  The ends are cover

• The French Royal Family: A Genealogy

  Under construction. This listing of descendants of Hughes Capet tries to be complete, although I have left a few branches incomplete for the the time being (the first house of Bourgogne and the Portug

• The 1909 "Pacte de Famille" of the House of Orléans

  Louis-Philippe Ier, king of the French (1830-48) had many sons. Article 4 is the one that seems to have caused confusion. Return to French Heraldry Page | Heraldic Glossary François Velde Last modifie

• Napoleonic Titles and Heraldry

  See also: Napoleon Ier, in coronation robes. [Skip Prev] [Prev] [Next] [Skip Next] [Random] [Next 5] [List Sites] Return to French Heraldry Page | Heraldic Glossary François Velde Last modified: Jun

• Tressure and Orle

  (Double) tressure on the left, orle on the right There is some confusion among British writers as to the nature of a tressure. The similarities between these last four coats, and their geographical pr

• Heraldic Tour of Rhodes

  View of Rhodes from the east jetty of the old port.  In the foreground, the place where the Naillac tower stood.  In the center background, the palace of the Grand Masters.  The Marine Gate (behind

• Orders of Chivalry in France

  See also the page on Orders of Chivalry. Visit the Musée National de la Légion d'Honneur (in French and English). Return to French Heraldry Page | Heraldic Glossary François Velde Last modified: Jun 0

• Royal Titles in Belgium - Titres Royaux en Belgique

  Voici l'A.R. du 2/2/1910 :   "Albert, etc, Revu l'arrêté du 16/12/1840, par lequel SM Léopold Ier décide que le titre de duc de Brabant sera à l'avenir toujours porté par le prince fils aîné du Roi et

• Heraldry in Denmark

  This article is by Klaus Ole Kristiansen with additions by Peter Kurrild-Klitgaard. See also a note on the national and royal arms by the Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Last modified: Mar 01, 1

• Clarion

  This rather strange charge, uniquely English, is of unknown origin and uncertain name. Here are some quotations from various authors: Last modified: Apr 28, 1997 Return to the Main Heraldry Page. Fra

• Legitimacy and Orders of Knighthood

  Under construction. I am not, have never been, and have no desire to be a member of any order of knighthood or chivalry or any nobiliary association, nor am I involved or associated with any. François

• The Salic Law

  The Salic Law (Lex Salica) is a code of law written around the time of Clovis (476-96) for the Salian Franks, in Latin mixed with Germanic words. It is only later that Edward III pressed his claim to

• Mexico

  The text of the Law on the Arms and the Flag of Mexico is available in Spanish, with this illustration of the arms. Return to National Heraldry Page | Heraldic Glossary François Velde Last modified: O

• Nobility in America

  Most of the information comes from Bolton's Armory. The National Archives has a list of the signers with links to complete biographies and portraits of each signer. Return to Armory of Famous People

• Automotive Heraldry

  Usually, coats of arms used by manufacturers allude to their place of origin or the place where the company began. Cadillac uses as its emblem the arms of Antoine de La Mothe, seigneur de Cadillac, bo

• A Heraldic Tour of Italy (I)

  Arms of Simone d'Amerigho Zati: Per pale or and sable, four chains in saltire linked by an annulet, all counterchanged (Santa Croce, Florence). The Pit